Conservation Science & Environmental Governance
In recent years, global environmental crises such as climate change, transboundary pollution, and declines in biodiversity have caused conservation scientists and practitioners to reconsider humans-environment interactions. As the primary drivers of these challenges, humans must be considered in conservation planning efforts. Therefore, my research broadly focuses on integrating socioeconomic and political considerations into conservation science.
More recently, international environmental regimes have encouraged countries to establish representative networks of marine protected areas (MPAs) as one way to reduce anthropogenic pressures on threatened species and ecosystems. Early efforts to establish representative networks of MPAs were often the subject of arbitrary decision-making processes and therefore produced only limited benefits to wildlife and ecosystems while reducing economic opportunity for human communities. In response, conservation practitioners sought to develop more structured approaches to site assessments.
In part because of my training as a conservation scientist, my research builds on the concept of conservation opportunity, which focuses on identifying existing or potential windows of opportunity for taking action. Using participatory mapping techniques, and conducting expert elicitations, my work seeks to understand areas of the Antarctic that are politically feasible for setting aside for conservation purposes. This work is very spatial in nature, and seeks to quantify abstract ideas and values for modeling and analysis in GIS, Marxan, and other decision-support tools.
Finally, besides structured decision-making and spatial analysis, my current research also draws upon collaborative governance theory, which stresses engaging a wide variety of stakeholders in building consensus to manage public resources. My dissertation focused on the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR), which manages the Antarctic's Southern Ocean through consensus-based decision-making. The collaborative governance framework is extremely useful for understanding how various parties negotiate and reach agreement on contentious issues.
In recent years, global environmental crises such as climate change, transboundary pollution, and declines in biodiversity have caused conservation scientists and practitioners to reconsider humans-environment interactions. As the primary drivers of these challenges, humans must be considered in conservation planning efforts. Therefore, my research broadly focuses on integrating socioeconomic and political considerations into conservation science.
More recently, international environmental regimes have encouraged countries to establish representative networks of marine protected areas (MPAs) as one way to reduce anthropogenic pressures on threatened species and ecosystems. Early efforts to establish representative networks of MPAs were often the subject of arbitrary decision-making processes and therefore produced only limited benefits to wildlife and ecosystems while reducing economic opportunity for human communities. In response, conservation practitioners sought to develop more structured approaches to site assessments.
In part because of my training as a conservation scientist, my research builds on the concept of conservation opportunity, which focuses on identifying existing or potential windows of opportunity for taking action. Using participatory mapping techniques, and conducting expert elicitations, my work seeks to understand areas of the Antarctic that are politically feasible for setting aside for conservation purposes. This work is very spatial in nature, and seeks to quantify abstract ideas and values for modeling and analysis in GIS, Marxan, and other decision-support tools.
Finally, besides structured decision-making and spatial analysis, my current research also draws upon collaborative governance theory, which stresses engaging a wide variety of stakeholders in building consensus to manage public resources. My dissertation focused on the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR), which manages the Antarctic's Southern Ocean through consensus-based decision-making. The collaborative governance framework is extremely useful for understanding how various parties negotiate and reach agreement on contentious issues.
PEER-REVIEWED PUBLICATIONS ~ ORCID: 0000-0003-2757-8980 ~ More information available at ResearchGate
10) Jenna Sullivan-Stack, Octavio Aburto-Oropeza, Cassandra Brooks, Reniel B. Cabral, Jennifer Caselle, Francis Chan, J. Emmett Duffy,
Daniel C. Dunn, Alan M. Friedlander, Heather K. Fulton-Bennett, Steven D. Gaines, Leah R. Gerber, Ellen Hines, Heather M. Leslie, Sarah
E. Lester, Jessica M.C. MacCarthy, Sara M Maxwell, Juan Mayorga, Douglas McCauley, Fiorenza Micheli, Russell Moffitt, Kerry Jean Nickols,
Stephen R. Palumbi, Douglas R. Pearsall, Elizabeth P. Pike, Ellen K. Pikitch, Gorka Sancho, Ana K. Spalding, Daniel O. Suman,
Seth Sykora-Bodie and Kirsten Grorud-Colvert. "A Scientific Synthesis of Marine Protected Areas in the United States: Status and
Recommendations." In Review with Frontiers in Marine Science.
9) Seth T. Sykora-Bodie, Leah Jones, Zoe Hastings, et al. (2021). “Graduate Student Perspectives on Transforming Academia.”
Conservation Science and Practice.
8) Seth T. Sykora-Bodie, Jorge G. Álvarez-Romero, Javier Arata, Alistair Dunn, Jefferson Hinke, Grant Humphries,
Christopher Jones, Pål Skogrand, Katharina Teschke, Philip N. Trathan, Dirk Welsford, Natalie C. Ban, Grant Murray,
and David Gill. (2021). “Forecasting the Likelihood of Protected Area Designation.” Frontiers in Marine Science.
7) Seth T. Sykora-Bodie, Jorge G. Álvarez-Romero, Vanessa M. Adams, Georgina G. Gurney, Jesse Cleary, Robert L. Pressey & Natalie C. Ban.
(2021) “Methods for Identifying Spatially Referenced Conservation Needs and Opportunities.” Biological Conservation.
6) Seth T. Sykora-Bodie & Tiffany H. Morrison. (2019). “Drivers of Consensus-Based Decision-Making in International Environmental
Regimes: Lessons from the Southern Ocean.” Aquatic Conservation 8(2): 311-325. (ranked in the top 10% of the journal's downloads)
5) ALan F. Rees, Larisa Avens, Katia Ballorain, Elizabeth Bevan, Annette C. Broderick, Raymond R. Carthy, Marjolijn J. A. Christianen,
Gwénaël Duclos, Michael Heithaus, David W. Johnston, Jeffrey C. Mangel, Frank Paladino, Kellie Pendoley, Richard Reina, Nathan J. Robinson,
Seth T. Sykora-Bodie, Dominic Tilley, Miguel R. Varela, Elizabeth Whitman, Paul A. Whittock, Thane Wibbels, Brendan J. Godley. (2018)
“The potential of unmanned aerial systems for sea turtle research and conservation.” Endangered Species Research.
4) Seth T. Sykora-Bodie, Vanessa Bezy, David W. Johnston, Everette Newton, Kenneth J. Lohmann. (2017)
“Quantifying Nearshore Sea Turtle Densities: UAS Applications for Population Assessments." Scientific Reports.
3) D. Shallin Busch, Roger Griffis, Jason Link, Karen Abrams, Jason Baker, Russell E. Brainard, Michael Ford, Jonathan A. Hare, Amber Himes-
Cornell, Anne Hollowed, Nathan J. Mantua, Sam McClatchie, Michelle McClure, Mark W. Nelson, Kenric Osgood, Jay O. Peterson, Michael Rust,
Vincent Saba, Michael F. Sigler, Seth Sykora-Bodie, Christopher Toole, Eric Thunberg, Robin S. Waples, Richard Merrick. (2016)
"Climate science strategy of the U.S. National Marine Fisheries Services." Marine Policy.
2) Courtney E. Smith, Seth T. Sykora-Bodie, Brian Bloodworth, Shalynn M. Pack, Trevor Spradlin, Nicole LeBoeuf. (2016)
"Assessment of known impacts of unmanned aerial systems (UAS) on marine mammals: data gaps and recommendations." Special
Wildlife Issue of the Journal of Unmanned Vehicle Systems.
1) Nathan E. Hultman, Sulle B. Emmanuel, Christopher W. Ramig and Seth Sykora-Bodie. (2012) “Biofuels investments in Tanzania:
Policy options for sustainable business models.” Journal of Environment and Development.
AGENCY, NGO, AND POPULAR PUBLICATIONS
Sarah Shoffler, Michael Rubino, Paul Doremus & Seth Sykora-Bodie. Draft "National Seafood Strategy." National Marine
Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 14 February 2023.
Seth Sykora-Bodie. “The Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources is unique among international
environmental agreements.” Massive Science. 17 October 2019.
Seth Sykora-Bodie. "Inside the political deadlock of establishing marine protected areas in the Southern Ocean."
Originally published in Massive Science on 16 August 2019. Republished in Salon on 18 August 2019.
Editors: Jason Link, Roger Griffis, Shallin Busch; Authors: Karen Abrams, Jason Baker, Rusty Brainard, Michael Ford, Jon Hare, Amber Himes-
Cornell, Anne Hollowed, Nate Mantua, Sam McClatchie, Michelle McClure, Mark Nelson, Kenric Osgood, Mike Rust, Vincent Saba, Mike Sigler,
Seth Sykora-Bodie, Valerie Termini, Eric Thunberg, Chris Toole, Robin Waples. "National Marine Fisheries Service Climate Science Strategy."
National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2015. Strategy highlights available here.
Seth Sykora-Bodie, Marianna Fish, and Shaun Martin. (Internal Guidance Toolkit) “Taking Action: An Introduction to Climate Smart Marine
Turtle Conservation and the ACT Adaptation Toolkit.” 2013. World Wildlife Fund.
Seth Sykora-Bodie. “Washington Residents Brave Cold and Long Lines to Attend Inauguration: Going the Extra Mile to Be a Part of History.”
The Seattle Post-Intelligencer. 20 January 2009.
Seth Sykora-Bodie. “Inauguration: Murray - 'It's the Face of America.” The Seattle Post-Intelligencer. 20 January 2009.
Seth Sykora-Bodie. “Young Voices: Dr. King's Dream Lives on in Barack Obama.” The Houston Chronicle. 19 January 2009.
10) Jenna Sullivan-Stack, Octavio Aburto-Oropeza, Cassandra Brooks, Reniel B. Cabral, Jennifer Caselle, Francis Chan, J. Emmett Duffy,
Daniel C. Dunn, Alan M. Friedlander, Heather K. Fulton-Bennett, Steven D. Gaines, Leah R. Gerber, Ellen Hines, Heather M. Leslie, Sarah
E. Lester, Jessica M.C. MacCarthy, Sara M Maxwell, Juan Mayorga, Douglas McCauley, Fiorenza Micheli, Russell Moffitt, Kerry Jean Nickols,
Stephen R. Palumbi, Douglas R. Pearsall, Elizabeth P. Pike, Ellen K. Pikitch, Gorka Sancho, Ana K. Spalding, Daniel O. Suman,
Seth Sykora-Bodie and Kirsten Grorud-Colvert. "A Scientific Synthesis of Marine Protected Areas in the United States: Status and
Recommendations." In Review with Frontiers in Marine Science.
9) Seth T. Sykora-Bodie, Leah Jones, Zoe Hastings, et al. (2021). “Graduate Student Perspectives on Transforming Academia.”
Conservation Science and Practice.
8) Seth T. Sykora-Bodie, Jorge G. Álvarez-Romero, Javier Arata, Alistair Dunn, Jefferson Hinke, Grant Humphries,
Christopher Jones, Pål Skogrand, Katharina Teschke, Philip N. Trathan, Dirk Welsford, Natalie C. Ban, Grant Murray,
and David Gill. (2021). “Forecasting the Likelihood of Protected Area Designation.” Frontiers in Marine Science.
7) Seth T. Sykora-Bodie, Jorge G. Álvarez-Romero, Vanessa M. Adams, Georgina G. Gurney, Jesse Cleary, Robert L. Pressey & Natalie C. Ban.
(2021) “Methods for Identifying Spatially Referenced Conservation Needs and Opportunities.” Biological Conservation.
6) Seth T. Sykora-Bodie & Tiffany H. Morrison. (2019). “Drivers of Consensus-Based Decision-Making in International Environmental
Regimes: Lessons from the Southern Ocean.” Aquatic Conservation 8(2): 311-325. (ranked in the top 10% of the journal's downloads)
5) ALan F. Rees, Larisa Avens, Katia Ballorain, Elizabeth Bevan, Annette C. Broderick, Raymond R. Carthy, Marjolijn J. A. Christianen,
Gwénaël Duclos, Michael Heithaus, David W. Johnston, Jeffrey C. Mangel, Frank Paladino, Kellie Pendoley, Richard Reina, Nathan J. Robinson,
Seth T. Sykora-Bodie, Dominic Tilley, Miguel R. Varela, Elizabeth Whitman, Paul A. Whittock, Thane Wibbels, Brendan J. Godley. (2018)
“The potential of unmanned aerial systems for sea turtle research and conservation.” Endangered Species Research.
4) Seth T. Sykora-Bodie, Vanessa Bezy, David W. Johnston, Everette Newton, Kenneth J. Lohmann. (2017)
“Quantifying Nearshore Sea Turtle Densities: UAS Applications for Population Assessments." Scientific Reports.
3) D. Shallin Busch, Roger Griffis, Jason Link, Karen Abrams, Jason Baker, Russell E. Brainard, Michael Ford, Jonathan A. Hare, Amber Himes-
Cornell, Anne Hollowed, Nathan J. Mantua, Sam McClatchie, Michelle McClure, Mark W. Nelson, Kenric Osgood, Jay O. Peterson, Michael Rust,
Vincent Saba, Michael F. Sigler, Seth Sykora-Bodie, Christopher Toole, Eric Thunberg, Robin S. Waples, Richard Merrick. (2016)
"Climate science strategy of the U.S. National Marine Fisheries Services." Marine Policy.
2) Courtney E. Smith, Seth T. Sykora-Bodie, Brian Bloodworth, Shalynn M. Pack, Trevor Spradlin, Nicole LeBoeuf. (2016)
"Assessment of known impacts of unmanned aerial systems (UAS) on marine mammals: data gaps and recommendations." Special
Wildlife Issue of the Journal of Unmanned Vehicle Systems.
1) Nathan E. Hultman, Sulle B. Emmanuel, Christopher W. Ramig and Seth Sykora-Bodie. (2012) “Biofuels investments in Tanzania:
Policy options for sustainable business models.” Journal of Environment and Development.
AGENCY, NGO, AND POPULAR PUBLICATIONS
Sarah Shoffler, Michael Rubino, Paul Doremus & Seth Sykora-Bodie. Draft "National Seafood Strategy." National Marine
Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 14 February 2023.
Seth Sykora-Bodie. “The Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources is unique among international
environmental agreements.” Massive Science. 17 October 2019.
Seth Sykora-Bodie. "Inside the political deadlock of establishing marine protected areas in the Southern Ocean."
Originally published in Massive Science on 16 August 2019. Republished in Salon on 18 August 2019.
Editors: Jason Link, Roger Griffis, Shallin Busch; Authors: Karen Abrams, Jason Baker, Rusty Brainard, Michael Ford, Jon Hare, Amber Himes-
Cornell, Anne Hollowed, Nate Mantua, Sam McClatchie, Michelle McClure, Mark Nelson, Kenric Osgood, Mike Rust, Vincent Saba, Mike Sigler,
Seth Sykora-Bodie, Valerie Termini, Eric Thunberg, Chris Toole, Robin Waples. "National Marine Fisheries Service Climate Science Strategy."
National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2015. Strategy highlights available here.
Seth Sykora-Bodie, Marianna Fish, and Shaun Martin. (Internal Guidance Toolkit) “Taking Action: An Introduction to Climate Smart Marine
Turtle Conservation and the ACT Adaptation Toolkit.” 2013. World Wildlife Fund.
Seth Sykora-Bodie. “Washington Residents Brave Cold and Long Lines to Attend Inauguration: Going the Extra Mile to Be a Part of History.”
The Seattle Post-Intelligencer. 20 January 2009.
Seth Sykora-Bodie. “Inauguration: Murray - 'It's the Face of America.” The Seattle Post-Intelligencer. 20 January 2009.
Seth Sykora-Bodie. “Young Voices: Dr. King's Dream Lives on in Barack Obama.” The Houston Chronicle. 19 January 2009.
Past Projects
Forecasting the Likelihood of Protected
Area Designation Abstract: As the global environmental crisis grows in scale and complexity, conservation professionals are increasingly called upon to make rapid decisions despite limited resources and insufficient data. In the case of global efforts to protect biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction, the very nature of these global commons requires substantial international cooperation and negotiation, both of which are also characterized by unpredictability and high levels of uncertainty. Here we build on recent trends to adapt forecasting techniques from the fields of hazard prediction, risk assessment, and intelligence analysis by using common expert elicitation techniques to forecast the likelihood of marine protected area (MPA) designation in the Southern Ocean. We also collect data on the various biophysical, socioeconomic, geopolitical, and scientific factors that inform and shape these forecasts, and use statistical models to link the two for predictive purposes and to gauge the relative strength. We first present our forecasts of the likelihood that various geographic areas are designated or included within future marine protected areas and then discuss the relative strength and importance of key drivers in shaping these forecasts. We found that areas further south along the Western Antarctic Peninsula are considered to be more likely to be designated than areas further north, and that geopolitical factors, such as global political forces or objections to MPAs, and socioeconomic factors, such as the existence of fisheries, were the key determinants of whether an area was anticipated to be more or less likely to be designated as an MPA. This approach to forecasting the likelihood of successful planning outcomes can help conservation planners, scientists, and diplomats engaging in designing, negotiating, and implementing conservation actions, such as establishing marine protected areas in the high seas, by providing insights and targeting scarce resources by improving efficiency in the conservation planning process. |
Methods for Identifying Spatially Referenced Areas
of Conservation Need and Opportunity Abstract: Protected area coverage is expanding rapidly in response to threats such as habitat degradation, resource overexploitation, and climate change. Given limited resources, conservation scientists have developed systematic methods for identifying where it is most efficient to protect biodiversity. To improve the outcomes of protected areas, planners have also sought to incorporate non-ecological data into protected area design, including data on conservation opportunity. Our study expands this literature using expert elicitation, participatory mapping, and a case study of the Southern Ocean to identify areas of conservation need and opportunity. We consider the spatial variation between need and opportunity, examine how socioeconomic and political factors influence the selection of areas, and investigate barriers to reaching consensus and establishing marine protected areas along the Western Antarctic Peninsula. We found that, while experts readily identified areas of conservation need and opportunity, most did not easily distinguish between the different types of opportunity proposed in the literature (existing, potential, and fleeting). Geographically, there were significant areas of overlap between need and opportunity, but areas of need were more restricted and specific, whereas areas of opportunity were more expansive and general. Biophysical and socioeconomic factors were most important in motivating selection of areas of opportunity, followed by geopolitical and then scientific factors. Our approach to data collection and planning can provide insights into tradeoffs between ecological needs and opportunities for taking action, and therefore aid in identifying and reducing barriers to designating effective marine protected areas. |
Consensus-Based Decision-Making
in Antarctic Governance Abstract:
See our publication here or here. |
At the 2017 Sea Turtle Symposium, more than fifty scientists participated in a one-day workshop focused on improving awareness about the potential use of UAS for sea turtle research and conservation. Following the conference, the workshop organizers began an effort to collect and memorialize much of what was discussed that day in a publication. This paper highlights the potential benefit of UAS to conservation, areas of needed technological improvement, and ethical concerns new researchers should consider when beginning to work with these systems. See the paper here.
In 2017, I completed work with Dave Johnston of Duke University's Marine Robotics and Remote Sensing Lab and Vanessa Bezy at the University of North Carolina to calculate nearshore marine turtle densities in the Eastern Tropical Pacific. In conjunction with a California-based company, our team has analyzed hundreds of images taken from fixed-wing aircrafts to develop software that can be used to automatically identify turtles. Besides developing cheaper, safer, and more effective methods for identifying individuals and calculating densities, this work will support future efforts to conduct broad-scale abundance and distribution assessments in aid of conservation and recovery efforts for these and other protected populations of sea turtles, both in Costa Rica and around the globe. See our publication on the topic here.
|
IN THE NEWS
"There's a new ocean now–can you name all 5?" National Geographic. 8 June 2021.
Also picked up by Popular Science, Newsweek, Forbes, National Geographic France, il Giornale, etc.
"Ph.D. Student Seth Sykora-Bodie Wins Fellowships to Study in Australia and France." Duke Nicholas School of the Environment. 18 June 2018.
"From Hawaii to the Antarctic, Ph.D. Student Works to Protect Endangered Species." Duke University, Interdisciplinary Studies. 19 March 2018.
"How healthy are our oceans? Researchers studied sea turtle populations with drones to find out." The Chronicle. Duke University. 21 January 2018
"Los drones confirman la abundancia de poblaciones de tortugas marinas en Costa Rica." National Geographic Spain. 17 January 2018.
"Drones are a new tool for Duke, UNC scientists. And they found oodles of sea turtles." Charlotte Observer. 17 January 2018.
"Duke, UNC Scientists Reveal Sea Turtle Abundance Study Using Drones." Unmanned Aerial Online. 17 January 2018.
"Drones Confirm Importance of Costa Rican Waters for Sea Turtles." Duke Nicholas School of the Environment. 16 January 2018.
Seth Sykora-Bodie & Joe Fader. "From graduate studies in Beaufort, North Carolina to measuring seas in Hawaii with the Beaufort scale."
NOAA Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center Blog. 27 September 2016.
"Duke Graduate Students Receive Grants to Expand Training Beyond Core Disciplines." Duke University, Interdisciplinary Studies. 1 June 2017.
"World's largest marine park created in Antarctic Ocean." Reuters. 28 October 2016.
"A winter’s watch: Scientists track whale migration from Big Sur bluffs." The Monterey Herald. 17 January 2015.
Seth Sykora-Bodie. "Conservation is Messy, and Science Can't Always Fix it." Fellowship Experiences: A Student Blog.
Maryland Sea Grant. 30 September 2014.
"Knauss Fellows from Maryland for 2014." Chesapeake Quarterly. April 2014.
"Tool for Conservationists." BioNews. Dutch Caribbean Nature Alliance. June/July 2013.
"On the Edge of Civilization." University of Maryland, School of Public Policy. 24 March 2013.
"Slippery Rock University Honors Student Sykora-Bodie Earns U.S. State Department Scholarship."
Rock Pride Online. Slippery Rock University. July 2010.
"Rock Students Grab Prime Seats and Jobs." Rock Magazine. Slippery Rock University. Winter 2009.
"There's a new ocean now–can you name all 5?" National Geographic. 8 June 2021.
Also picked up by Popular Science, Newsweek, Forbes, National Geographic France, il Giornale, etc.
"Ph.D. Student Seth Sykora-Bodie Wins Fellowships to Study in Australia and France." Duke Nicholas School of the Environment. 18 June 2018.
"From Hawaii to the Antarctic, Ph.D. Student Works to Protect Endangered Species." Duke University, Interdisciplinary Studies. 19 March 2018.
"How healthy are our oceans? Researchers studied sea turtle populations with drones to find out." The Chronicle. Duke University. 21 January 2018
"Los drones confirman la abundancia de poblaciones de tortugas marinas en Costa Rica." National Geographic Spain. 17 January 2018.
"Drones are a new tool for Duke, UNC scientists. And they found oodles of sea turtles." Charlotte Observer. 17 January 2018.
"Duke, UNC Scientists Reveal Sea Turtle Abundance Study Using Drones." Unmanned Aerial Online. 17 January 2018.
"Drones Confirm Importance of Costa Rican Waters for Sea Turtles." Duke Nicholas School of the Environment. 16 January 2018.
Seth Sykora-Bodie & Joe Fader. "From graduate studies in Beaufort, North Carolina to measuring seas in Hawaii with the Beaufort scale."
NOAA Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center Blog. 27 September 2016.
"Duke Graduate Students Receive Grants to Expand Training Beyond Core Disciplines." Duke University, Interdisciplinary Studies. 1 June 2017.
"World's largest marine park created in Antarctic Ocean." Reuters. 28 October 2016.
"A winter’s watch: Scientists track whale migration from Big Sur bluffs." The Monterey Herald. 17 January 2015.
Seth Sykora-Bodie. "Conservation is Messy, and Science Can't Always Fix it." Fellowship Experiences: A Student Blog.
Maryland Sea Grant. 30 September 2014.
"Knauss Fellows from Maryland for 2014." Chesapeake Quarterly. April 2014.
"Tool for Conservationists." BioNews. Dutch Caribbean Nature Alliance. June/July 2013.
"On the Edge of Civilization." University of Maryland, School of Public Policy. 24 March 2013.
"Slippery Rock University Honors Student Sykora-Bodie Earns U.S. State Department Scholarship."
Rock Pride Online. Slippery Rock University. July 2010.
"Rock Students Grab Prime Seats and Jobs." Rock Magazine. Slippery Rock University. Winter 2009.
"No water, no life. No blue, no green." - Sylvia Earle